Which term describes the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages?

• A. Convergent evolution
• B. Divergent evolution
• C. Adaptation
• D. Comparative anatomy

Answer: (A)

Convergent evolution describes when unrelated lineages independently evolve similar features because they face similar environmental pressures or ecological roles. The wings of birds, bats, and insects show this idea: each group developed the ability to fly, but their last common ancestor didn’t have wings, so the structures are analogous rather than inherited from a shared ancestor. This explains why similar traits can arise in separate lineages without a common ancestor. By contrast, divergent evolution happens when related species become more different due to different environments, and adaptation is any trait shaped by natural selection that helps survival or reproduction. Comparative anatomy is the study of such similarities and differences to infer relationships. So the term that best fits independent development of similar features is convergent evolution.